![]() ![]() The charts work also with SeaClear, Fugawi, Touratech and many other programs. Especially suitable is OpenCPN and WinNav. Logging water depths Chart for PC and notebookĪdditionally to the chart you need a navigational software. WinNav (GPS-32) is a fully satisfining Navigation Software. Additionally we can logging water depths, for building depth contour lines. Charts will be stored in the cache and can be used offline later. The NMEA-Datalogger is chart plotter and shows the chart togeter with navigation data received by WLAN. Search function Windows PC, Notebook, Tablet Garmin nautical chart plotters as well as Colorado, Oregon and Dakota can show the nautical chart in this form. You can save the whole chart of Europe to memory and it takes up only 3.5GB of SD card space. Garmin's nautical chart plotters and some handheld devices can use OpenSeaMap vector based charts with worldwide coverage. Der Grund meines Beitrags ist das letzte Software-Update für HomePort (Version 2.3.0). Also with smartphones and some GPS-devices.ĪT5-charts with world wide coverage Android Together with a navigation program or an app also with an onboard-computer, a notebook, on Android tablet, iPad or Windows tablet. You can rest assured that by purchasing from ActiveGPS you will receive the full support of Garmin.OpenSeaMap-charts can be used on board even without access to internet - with a chart plotter from Garmin, Lowrance, Simrad, B&G. We do not buy on the grey market and we do not sell counterfeit products. We purchase from assigned Garmin UK distributors. We sell genuine Garmin products, accessories and maps. We are official Authorised Internet Retailers for Garmin. The Garmin HomePort software is compatible with the following Garmin devices: ![]() What is the HomePort software compatible with? ‣Displays photos and point-of-interest detail ‣Displays celestial information such as sunrise, sunset and moon phase ‣Allows you to view the map north-up, map-up or course-up ‣Allows you to manage waypoints, routes and tracks ‣Displays grid lines to show latitude and longitude ‣Displays statistics and graphical information about tide stations, tidal streams and currents ‣Calculates fuel consumption (based on fuel flow data provided by the user) ‣Shows animated playback of data collected on device ‣Provides ETA and arrival times (for each leg) when you create routes ‣Converts tracks into point-to-point routes (track to route conversion) and specifies the speed for each leg of the route A dedicated community for Garmin users to ask questions, provide answers, and. ‣Allows user to measure distance and bearing on the charts Am I able to view sidevu or RSD files in Homeport I dont have my device with me as its on the boat but I have downloaded the RSD files onto my PC but Homeport does not seem to be able to see them. ‣Displays both fishing and navigational charts from BlueChart g2 Vision When finished, send the data to an SD card or proprietary Garmin datacard to load into your compatible Garmin chartplotter or sounder. FREE GROUND SHIPPING ON ORDERS 25 AND UP Home On The Trail Montana 610/680 Updates & Downloads. It’s easy to browse and view chart detail on your computer screen and mark waypoints and other points of interest. Improved the display of tide level and tide current properties. Both land maps and navigation charts are now supported. HomePort also will help you create point-to-point routes, determine fuel usage and estimate your travel time for each leg of your route - saving you time and money. HIKERDAVE over 12 years ago A new version of HomePort has been posted to the update server. In addition to managing waypoints, routes and tracks, you can store information from past voyages right on your computer. Then simply plug the card into your computer's card reader to start planning your voyage. Use your existing BlueChart preprogrammed card, or transfer the preloaded maps directly from your chartplotter to an SD card. Before heading out on the open water, plan your voyage with HomePort - marine trip-planning software that lets you plan and organise routes from the convenience of your PC (Windows only). ![]()
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![]() ![]() Once the download is complete, you can use the ISO file to create a bootable USB drive or DVD, or you can mount it as a virtual drive and run it directly on your computer. One is for 32 bit and the other is for 64 bit. On the download page, select the desired language and edition, and then click on the " Confirm" button.įinally, you will be presented with two download links. To download the Windows 10 ISO file from Microsoft’s website, open a web browser on your Mac and navigate to the Microsoft Windows 10 download page: Third-party ISO files may have a lot of issues, especially on a Mac. ![]() No matter which method you are using to install Windows 10 on a Mac, the first thing you should check out is to use the official Windows 10 ISO downloaded from. Download Windows 10 ISO from Microsoft Website Incompatible hardware: In some cases, certain hardware components on your Mac may be incompatible with Windows, causing Boot Camp Assistant to fail. Outdated firmware: If your Mac’s firmware is outdated, Boot Camp Assistant may fail to install Windows. Security software: Some security software or firewall settings on your Mac may interfere with the Boot Camp Assistant installation process, causing it to fail. If your Mac does not have enough free space, Boot Camp Assistant may fail.Ĭorrupted Windows 10 installation media: If the Windows installation media that you are using is corrupted or damaged, Boot Camp Assistant may fail to install Windows. Insufficient storage space: Boot Camp Assistant requires a certain amount of free storage space to create a new partition for Windows. However, t here could be several reasons why Boot Camp Assistant is failing to install Windows 10 on your Mac, including It is the official app developed by Mac and proven to be working for this purpose. Why is Boot Camp Assistant Failing?īootcamp is our first choice when you want to install Windows 10 on Mac. If you are interested in it, please refer to this post instead. Notice: Installing Windows 10 on Apple Silicon Mac is also possible but it is a different story. Here are a few solutions you can try out to fix the issue on an Intel Mac. Unfortunately, you might came across issues and failed to install Windows 10 on your Mac. You can also dual boot Mac and Windows 10 without using Bootcamp. Installing Windows 10 on Intel Mac is totally possible and it is a hassle free experience with the native Bootcamp app. Video Tutorial: How to Install Windows 11 on Mac Without Boot Camp.Install Windows 10 on Mac without BootCamp After confirming any popups, the computer should reboot to macOS.Right click and select Restart in macOS….Locate the Boot Camp icon in the Windows system tray in the bottom right corner.There are two separate methods to switch operating systems using Boot Camp without using the option key depending on which operating system you’re currently running. At times, there can be a delay with the keyboard button input causing the computer to boot to the default operating system. Especially when you’re using a bluetooth keyboard. Press enter to boot up the selected operating system.Use the arrow keys to select the operating system you would like to boot to.Once the computer screen goes black, press and hold the option key until a chime is heard.Basic Method to Switch Between macOS and Windows: Once Windows is installed on the the computer using Boot Camp, it is important to learn how to switch between the two operating systems. This is especially useful for running applications that are only available for one of the two operating systems. This allows users to use both Mac and Windows operating systems on the same computer. The video tutorial above shows users how to switch between Mac and PC (Windows) using the Boot Camp application.īoot Camp by Apple allows users to install a Windows partition on the hard drive of their Mac computer. Learn how to switch between macOS and Windows using Boot Camp without holding down the option key. ![]() ![]() The minimal joint space width is measured between the femoral head and the nearest part of the acetabular sourcil (representing the weight-bearing surface) 29. ESR <20 mm/h) can be used as an indicator of osteoarthritis 13. ![]() Hip joint space width ≤2 mm or <2.5 mm 10-12 or the combination of joint space narrowing with the presence of osteophytes, in particular, in the absence of any elevated inflammatory markers (e.g. Plain radiographs of the hip are a cheap, widely available and easily obtained modality and their interpretation in the evaluation of osteoarthritis is not as difficult as other imaging modalities 8-10.įor the indication of osteoarthritis of the hip, an anteroposterior radiograph of the hip and a cross-table lateral or frog-leg lateral view are obtained. Subchondral cyst formation and remodeling of the articular surfaces or deformity are seen in more advanced stages. General features are osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing and sclerosis of the subchondral bone plate. Osteoarthritis of the hip can be classified into primary and secondary, depending on whether it is due to a known predisposing factor or not.
![]() Just want to pick individual colors from pictures? You can do this using all sorts of tools.Ĭanva has a color picking eyedrop tool. Also, if you don’t like the colors it picked from the page, you can drag the little circles around to choose different ones. If you want a different mood pulled from the same picture, just select the appropriate mood on the left. Canva Color Palette GeneratorĪdobe Color’s extract theme feature works similarly but has more features. Then Canva will choose four colors drawn from that picture. Adobe Color Trends Color Extractorsĭo you want to create your own color palettes based on photographs or other images? You can use a color extractor.Ĭanva’s color extractor (color palette generator) simply requires you to upload a picture. These trends are categorized and the color schemes are shown alongside the images that inspired the theme. Adobe Color ExploreĪdobe Color also features color trends drawn from their own designer social network (Behance) and Adobe Stock (Adobe’s stock photo library). Canva Color MeaningsĪdobe Color also has some tools that let you search for themes based on color, moods, and other keywords. You probably don’t need to do this with all of your colors, but it could certainly help you narrow down a list of your primary colors. When you click on a specific color Canva will give you a run down of that color’s meaning, along with some potential supporting color combinations. ![]() Certain colors have certain societal connotations. Canva Color Palettes Rosettes and CreamĪnother tool that Canva offers is a color meanings page. Sharing these pages with stakeholders as you mull color choices can really help you get better/faster input on their likes and dislikes. Canva Color PalettesĪnother thing I like about Canva’s color palette search is that when you click on a palette you like you are brought to a page that shows the palette alongside a photograph that includes the colors. Looking for something blue? How about a nature theme? Like pastels or bright colors? Just search away and you’ll be given lots of options to choose from. Both Canva and Adobe offer a bunch of tools that might get you the inspiration you need to build a palette (or to discover one that they showcase).Ĭanva’s color palette tool lets you search color palettes based on keywords. If you don’t know where to start, or only have a general feeling on your desired look, a little inspiration might help. Canva Color WheelĬanva’s color wheel page also gives a really nice run-down on color theory. I often suggest you use two complementary colors and then monochromatic varieties of each color. For a lot of report palettes, this is probably not a bad thing. Adobe Color – Color WheelĬanva’s color wheel runs similarly, although with less colors. Depending on the color harmony rule you choose, change one color and all the colors will change. ![]() You can use that color as your starting point when choosing supporting colors.Īdobe Color’s color wheel gives you 5 color options. For instance, you are trying to create a broader color palette for a project that already has a single color logo. This post highlights a bunch of the useful, mostly free, tools you can add to your own reporting toolkit.ĭo you know what it means if I say a color combination is monochromatic, complimentary, or analogous? Do you know the difference between hue, saturation, and value? If the answer isn’t a resounding YES, then I suggest you take a few minutes to watch this really solid intro video by GCF.Ĭolor wheels are particularly useful tools when you already have at least one color in mind. But now-a-days Canva has come through with their own useful set of free tools. ![]() For years, when anyone would ask, I used to send them to Adobe Color. Luckily for us, there are a bunch of tools out there to help even the least color-savvy designers. And who even prints anything anymore when most of what we read sits on a screen? Sure, black and white is still cheaper to print, but color printers do exist. Gone are the days when all your reports were just in black and white. ![]() ![]() This response sets out the allowed methods ( PUT, POST and OPTIONS) and permitted request headers ( Special-Request-Header). The server might return a response like the following:Īccess-Control-Allow-Methods: PUT, POST, OPTIONSĪccess-Control-Allow-Headers: Special-Request-Header The server returns a list of allowed methods in addition to the trusted origin and the browser checks to see if the requesting website's method is allowed.įor example, this is a pre-flight request that is seeking to use the PUT method together with a custom request header called Special-Request-Header:Īccess-Control-Request-Headers: Special-Request-Header Under certain circumstances, when a cross-domain request includes a non-standard HTTP method or headers, the cross-origin request is preceded by a request using the OPTIONS method, and the CORS protocol necessitates an initial check on what methods and headers are permitted prior to allowing the cross-origin request. The pre-flight check was added to the CORS specification to protect legacy resources from the expanded request options allowed by CORS. We'll show you how this can be exploited later. This is a workaround for CORS constraints that is not secure. Given these constraints, some web servers dynamically create Access-Control-Allow-Origin headers based upon the client-specified origin. Is not permitted as this would be dangerously insecure, exposing any authenticated content on the target site to everyone. Consequently, a cross-domain server response of the form: For example, the following header is not valid:Īccess-Control-Allow-Origin: Fortunately, from a security perspective, the use of the wildcard is restricted in the specification as you cannot combine the wildcard with the cross-origin transfer of credentials (authentication, cookies or client-side certificates). Note that wildcards cannot be used within any other value. The header Access-Control-Allow-Origin supports wildcards. Relaxation of CORS specifications with wildcards Otherwise, the browser will not allow access to the response. Then the browser will permit the requesting website to read the response, because the Access-Control-Allow-Credentials response header is set to true. Now if the requesting website uses JavaScript to declare that it is sending cookies with the request: However, the cross-domain server can permit reading of the response when credentials are passed to it by setting the CORS Access-Control-Allow-Credentials header to true. The default behavior of cross-origin resource requests is for requests to be passed without credentials like cookies and the Authorization header. Handling cross-origin resource requests with credentials However, no browser supports multiple origins and there are restrictions on the use of the wildcard *. The specification of Access-Control-Allow-Origin allows for multiple origins, or the value null, or the wildcard *. The browser will allow code running on to access the response because the origins match. The server on returns the following response: This header is returned by a server when a website requests a cross-domain resource, with an Origin header added by the browser.įor example, suppose a website with origin causes the following cross-domain request: The CORS specification identifies a collection of protocol headers of which Access-Control-Allow-Origin is the most significant. The cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) specification prescribes header content exchanged between web servers and browsers that restricts origins for web resource requests outside of the origin domain. ![]() Implementing simple cross-origin resource sharing A web browser compares the Access-Control-Allow-Origin with the requesting website's origin and permits access to the response if they match. ![]() ![]() ![]() The Access-Control-Allow-Origin header is included in the response from one website to a request originating from another website, and identifies the permitted origin of the request. What is the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response header? Browsers permit access to responses to cross-origin requests based upon these header instructions. The cross-origin resource sharing specification provides controlled relaxation of the same-origin policy for HTTP requests to one website domain from another through the use of a collection of HTTP headers. In this section we explain what the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header is in respect of CORS, and how it forms part of CORS implementation. CORS and the Access-Control-Allow-Origin response header ![]() ![]() ![]() So I hope that answers it! If you are interested in seeing exactly how mail is delivered with the Mail Boss security locking mailbox, please see this post on the incoming mail slot, or this animation we have just developed! And as always, please feel free to send us questions via the Contact Us form or through the Blog Comment thread. “ EpochDesignLLC (3 hours ago): The mailman DOES NOT NEED A KEY to deliver your mail, there is a incoming mail slot that opens without a key and allows the mail man to drop your mail down into the storage compartment, which cannot be accessed without a key.” So I aimed to clarify this point with my response: To my knowledge, the United States Postal Service regulations specifically stipulate that the postal carrier WILL NOT carry a key to curbside mailboxes. In fact, I have never heard of such a system. While I’m sure MyMultimedia was simply trying to be helpful, his/her response was inaccurate. If it didn’t have that circle if it locks, it wouldn’t be postmaster general approved!” The mailmans key has that circle, which works on all boxes. ![]() “ MyMultimedia (4 weeks ago) YES! In the middle of every locking mailbox, the keyhole has a circle that doesn’t belong on the mailbox owners key. Arrow locks are unlocked through the use of a corresponding arrow key. “ obeseotters (1 month ago): ok so how does the mailman open it? does he have a key that works on all boxes?” An arrow lock is a lock with standard dimensions used by the United States Postal Service for mail carriers to access collection boxes, outdoor parcel lockers, cluster box units, and apartment mailbox panels. But I now realize that for many people, the concept of a locking mailbox is quite novel, so I will take a few minutes to answer a question we are commonly asked: “Will my mail carrier need a key to deliver my mail to my new locking mailbox?” ![]() Living and breathing MailBoss mailboxes, I often take for granted that the average person will understand exactly how they work. I was thrilled to see that at the time of this posting we have over 30,000 views! Perusing the comment thread, I can see that there is a great deal of confusion about how your mail is delivered with a locking mailbox in general and the Mail Boss security mailbox specifically. Department of Education.I was just looking at our Mail Boss locking security mailbox video on YouTube. Treasury - Have a bachelors or graduate degree in finance, accounting or a closely related field from a college or university accredited by a national or regional accreditation organization recognized and sanctioned by the U.S.Supply Management - Have a bachelors or graduate degree in supply chain management, accounting, business, finance, business management, law, economics, asset management, logistics, material management or other closely related field from a college or university accredited by a national or regional accreditation organization recognized and sanctioned by the U.S.Pricing and Costing - Have a bachelors or graduate degree in mathematics, statistics, economics, operations research or other closely related field from a college or university accredited by a national or regional accreditation organization recognized and sanctioned by the U.S.Finance and Strategy - Have a bachelors or graduate degree in finance, economics, statistics or a closely related field from a college or university accredited by a national or regional accreditation organization recognized and sanctioned by the U.S.Controller - Have a bachelors or graduate degree in accounting or a closely related field which included at least 24 semester hours of accounting, auditing, finance and business law coursework from a college or university accredited by a national or regional accreditation organization recognized and sanctioned by the U.S.Security controls for commercial mailers. ![]() ![]() Active Voice: The police caught the perp in less than five hours.Passive Voice: The entire assembly line in the factory is managed by Mark.Active Voice: Mark manages the entire assembly line in the factory.To gain a better understanding of the distinction between active and passive voice, let’s go through some examples. Some Examples of Active and Passive Voice Sentences and the Conversion In active voice, all three elements are clear, but in passive voice, there is relatively less clarity. This is the clarity issue we were talking about earlier. Some passive voice sentences may not even have a subject. ![]() In a passive voice sentence, the structure of the order is: The order of writing is “Subject > Verb > Object”.Here’s how you can structure an active voice sentence: So, the writer must choose between the two voices carefully and present information accordingly. In passive voice, we can avoid unnecessary repetition but at the cost of writing long sentences and risking losing the reader’s interest. However, with active voice writing, we may need to repeat some information for the sake of making it reach out to the reader. In essence, the voice explains or demonstrates the relationship between the verb and its subject.ĭue to its structure and formation, an active sentence has better clarity than a passive voice sentence. The “Voice” of a sentence communicates the information about an action. What is the Purpose of Having a “Voice” in a Sentence or Content? As you remove these two words, you will find it easier to read and understand the sentence. You can also edit the sentence by clicking on Add to Editor and making the required changes.Įssentially, in an active sentence, there is no place to use “by the” anywhere.You can add a sentence of up to 200 characters. Open the Scalenut Passive to Active Converter and paste or write the sentence you want to convert in the given column.Here’s a small tutorial on using our passive to active voice converter. You can resolve this issue with Scalenut’s passive voice to active voice converter. They also tend to extend in length, which can further complicate things. Passive voice sentences often run into clarity issues. Due to this, your writing comes out as more authentic and trustworthy. A passive voice sentence keeps the action before the subject, but the subject (the one performing the action) is given more importance in an active voice. Using passive voice weakens the sentence structure. You can use a passive voice checker to highlight the sentences written in passive voice and change them to active voice. It is a good practice to limit the use of passive voice. ![]() That’s why almost every veteran writer and writing course emphasizes using active voice in content. Passive sentences are not wrong, grammatically, but they don’t have the same authority as a sentence written in an active voice. ![]() How to Use Scalenut’s Free Passive to Active Voice Converter and Improve Your Sentence Structure? ![]() ![]() ![]() It is often referred to in some software as Adult Male #2. The voice was called Sydney and taken from an old Lernout & Hauspie Microsoft Speech API 4.0 package. The program also used a text-to-speech voice to interact with the user. Protect against this threat, identify symptoms, and clean up or remove infections. Later versions of BonziBuddy in May 2000 featured its own character: Bonzi, a purple gorilla. Understand how this virus or malware spreads and how its payloads affects your computer. The software used Microsoft Agent technology similar to Office Assistant, and originally sported Peedy, a green parrot and one of the characters available with Microsoft Agent. Bonzi's website remained open after the discontinuation of BonziBuddy, but was shut down at the end of 2008. Online Microsoft SAM, SAPI4, Bonzi Buddy Text to speech generator About Microsoft Sam TTS Generator is an online interface for part of Microsoft Speech API 4.0 which was released in 1998. Moreover, this software also sings, makes jokes, creates files, manages emails, downloads things, and. ![]() As a desktop VA, Bonzi Buddy helps users to manage their digital tasks and schedules. ![]() Upon a user's choice, it would share jokes and facts, manage downloads, sing songs, and talk, among other functions, as it used Microsoft Agent.īonziBuddy was described as spyware and adware, and discontinued in 2004 after the company behind it faced lawsuits regarding the software and was ordered to pay fines. Bonzi Buddy is considered a virus due to the spyware and adware technology through which it extracts users’ information and data without their permission. Virtual Assistant, Adware, Spyware, MalwareīonziBuddy ( bon-zee-bud-ee or bon-zih-bud-ee, stylized as BonziBUDDY) was a freeware desktop virtual assistant created by Joe and Jay Bonzi. ![]() ![]() Your domain name registration can be transferred between registrars at any time. How do I transfer my Bluehost account? Your Namecheap account must be created. You’ll need to enter the password you provided to open your email account. Enter your complete email address, including your full name (e.g., ), in the Email Address field. ![]() ![]() The webmail service is accessible from your computer. How can I access my webmail account on HostGator? How do I backup all of my emails? Your email can be backed up to a file and then exported to an Outlook Data File using the File Export button. How do I send an email from one email account to another? By clicking on this, you can sort through your inbox by email. Back up your cpanel backups by clicking the Back Up button in the Backup Wizard. How do I backup my GoDaddy email folder on csg?Ĭlick the cPanel Admin link in the account dashboard to access your account’s settings. After clicking the More button, you will be taken to a page where you can access your Webmail. By logging into your GoDaddy account, you can connect to it. How can you import email into GoDaddy? Outlook 2013 or later (Windows) is an option. How do you export emails from hostguter? To export messages, right-click the folder that you want to export from. To download either an uncompressed or a compressed file, go to the pop-up. You can export your data by selecting the Export option from the menu. If you want to export your Inbox data, simply right-click on the Inbox icon in the left menu. You can export messages by right-clicking on a folder in your computer. How Do I Export My Email From Hostgator?Ĭredit: In the Restore section, select the Restore icon to restore your e-mail account from any of the backups that were provided. The E-Mail Backups icon under the Jetbackup tab will now display a list of all backups for your e-mail accounts that have been backed up within the last 30 days. Let’s look at restoring an Email Account from a backup in cPanel. By clicking on the email icon in your Horde window, you can read the emails. To open the MBOX file, click the OK button. The following steps are all that is required. MBOX files can be imported into Horde webmail. In the following steps, you will be able to generate or download a backup of HostGator emails onto your computer. PST files can be extracted and loaded with Outlook mail and other items. You can scan PST files by selecting and Import PST files in the software and then clicking the Start scanning button. When you select “Download into a MBOX File,” you will be able to save your mailbox’s email. Once logged in, go to Mail and select Export from the drop-down menu. To begin using HostGator, launch it using the Office 365 Tool. By right-clicking the Mail icon and selecting the Inbox icon in the left-hand side of the screen, you can view your email. How can you export emails from Google Mail and import into your Microsoft Outlook? When you sign in to your account, you can select the folder to which you want to export messages. Click on the Export button to confirm and begin the export process.Įmails can be imported and exported through, which allows users to save and save emails. A pop-up window will appear asking you to confirm the email account export. A drop-down menu will appear with a few options. Locate the email account that you wish to export and click on the More button located next to it. Now, you will see a list of all the email accounts associated with your cPanel account. ![]() Once you have located the Email Accounts icon, click on it to proceed. Next, you will need to locate the Email section and click on the Email Accounts icon. First, you will need to log into your cPanel account. This file can be imported into the "horde" webmail client, or can be imported into another email client or program (depending on compatibility).There are a few steps involved in exporting email from cPanel HostGator. ![]() The file will download onto your computer. Select "Download into an MBOX File" or "Download into a MBOX file (ZIP compressed)".In the "horde" webmail client, right-click on a folder, such as the "inbox", then click "Export".Then under " Change your webmail client", select "Horde", then click "Open". If it takes you to the "roundcube" webmail client, in the webmail menu bar, go to "Webmail Home".If it takes you straight to the "horde" webmail client, move to the next step.If it takes you to the Webmail overview page, under " Change your webmail client", select "Horde", then click "Open".There are two webmail clients to choose from ("horde" and "roundcube"), you will need to go to the "horde" webmail client.Click "Check Email" next to the email box to access the Webmail. ![]() ![]() ![]() Multiple methods for analysis of BUN and creatinine have evolved over the years. For the adult female, with her generally lower muscle mass, the normal range is 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dl, or 44 to 97 μmol/L by the enzymatic method. For the adult male, the normal range is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dl, or 53 to 106 μmol/L by the kinetic or enzymatic method, and 0.8 to 1.5 mg/dl, or 70 to 133 μmol/L by the older manual Jaffé reaction. The normal serum creatinine (sCr) varies with the subject's body muscle mass and with the technique used to measure it. In contrast, the rugged rancher who eats in excess of 125 g protein each day may have a normal BUN of 20 mg/dl. Her higher glomerular filtration rate (GFR), expanded extracellular fluid volume, and anabolism in the developing fetus contribute to her relatively low BUN of 5 to 7 mg/dl. A BUN of 15 mg/dl would represent significantly impaired function for a woman in the thirtieth week of gestation. ![]() The range is wide because of normal variations due to protein intake, endogenous protein catabolism, state of hydration, hepatic urea synthesis, and renal urea excretion. The normal range of urea nitrogen in blood or serum is 5 to 20 mg/dl, or 1.8 to 7.1 mmol urea per liter. The BUN, then, is roughly one-half (7/15 or 0.466) of the blood urea. In Europe, the whole urea molecule is assayed, whereas in the United States only the nitrogen component of urea (the blood or serum urea nitrogen, i.e., BUN or SUN) is measured. Both are relatively small molecules (60 and 113 daltons, respectively) that distribute throughout total body water. Creatinine is the product of muscle creatine catabolism. Urea is the primary metabolite derived from dietary protein and tissue protein turnover. Urea and creatinine are nitrogenous end products of metabolism. The principle behind this ratio is the fact that both urea (BUN) and creatinine are freely filtered by the glomerulus however, urea reabsorbed by the renal tubules can be regulated (increased or decreased) whereas creatinine reabsorption remains the same (minimal reabsorption). In the United States, both quantities are given in mg/dL The ratio may be used to determine the cause of acute kidney injury or dehydration. BUN only reflects the nitrogen content of urea (MW 28) and urea measurement reflects the whole of the molecule (MW 60), urea is just over twice BUN (60/28 = 2.14). In medicine, the urea-to-creatinine ratio ( UCR ), known in the United States as BUN-to-creatinine ratio, is the ratio of the blood levels of urea ( BUN) (mmol/L) and creatinine (Cr) (μmol/L). Medical laboratory value urea-to-creatinine ratio ![]() |
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